The L scale was designed to identify respondents who attempt to minimize pathology to the extent that they deny even minor faults to which most individuals will admit. The MMPI-2 validity scales are the Lie (L), Infrequency (F), correction (K), Variable Response Inventory (VRIN), True Response Inventory (TRIN), and F back (F B) scales. The addition of these scales helps sharpen and individualize the clinical interpretation of the MMPI-2 results. Groups of items that have been shown to reliably differentiate two or more samples or populations can be added to the MMPI-2 as a clinical or supplemental scale. This is made possible by the empirical keying method described earlier. An interesting feature of the MMPI-2 is that over 300 “new” or experiential scales have been developed for the test over the years. A T-score of 65 or greater indicates clinically significant psychopathology on the MMPI-2. MMPI raw scores are transformed into standardized T-scores where the mean is 50 and the SD is 10. 9 The MMPI-2 contains 10 clinical scales that assess major categories of psychopathology and six validity scales designed to assess test-taking attitudes. 8 As mentioned earlier, the MMPI was designed to both separate subjects into “normals” and “abnormals,” and to subcategorize the abnormal group into specific classes. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI-2) is a 567-item true/false, self-report test of psychological function. Stern MD, in Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry, 2016 The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 When the client's cooperation in the assessment is assured then the MMPI-2 clinical measures can be effective in delineating the mental health symptoms and personality traits, and special problems that the client is likely to be experiencing. The MMPI-2 provides the test user with scores on a number of scales that address important clinical problem areas, such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, in addition to providing information that allows the practitioner to appraise the client's willingness and frankness to self-disclose information in the appraisal. It is the most widely used and researched clinical personality instrument in use in the USA, and has been translated and adapted in many other languages and cultures. The MMPI was revised and modernized in 1989 and titled the MMPI-2. The MMPI rapidly became the standard personality instrument in clinical settings. The MMPI is a self-report inventory that includes a very broad range of problems and was developed according to rigorous empirical research methods. The test authors considered it crucial in evaluating patients' problems to ask them about what they felt and thought. The MMPI, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, was developed in the 1940s as a means of evaluating mental health problems in psychiatric and medical settings. Butcher, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 In this review, we aim to address this important issue and enhance our current understanding of the different MMPI patterns and dissemination tracks in the brain, liver and lung. In spite of their relevance, MMPIs and organ-specific dissemination tracks are still largely overlooked by many clinicians, pathologists and/or researchers. Additionally, macro-metastases are a source of further tumor cell dissemination in the affected organ and these intra-organ metastatic dissemination tracks starting from the MMPI also vary depending on the anatomical structures of the colonized organ and influence disease outcome. The MMPI patterns could be further classified into three major groups: displacing, epithelial and diffuse infiltrating. Strikingly, the MMPI patterns differed between entities, so that at least nine different patterns were described. Recently, infiltrative growth of macro-metastases from various primary tumors was described in the brain, liver and lung, with significant impact on survival. The macro-metastasis/organ parenchyma interface (MMPI) was previously considered an inert anatomical border which sharply separates the affected organ parenchyma from the macro-metastatic tissue. Ira Skvortsova, in Seminars in Cancer Biology, 2019 Abstract
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